白銀供應(yīng)鏈風(fēng)險(xiǎn)減緩策略

Risk Mitigation Strategy for Silver Supply Chain 

在現(xiàn)代企業(yè)的發(fā)展中，供應(yīng)鏈發(fā)揮著越來越大的作用，同時(shí)供應(yīng)鏈風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也愈加嚴(yán)重。紫金銅業(yè)有限公司從供應(yīng)鏈風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的防范措施、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)減緩策略兩個(gè)方面做了相應(yīng)措施。

In the development of modern enterprises, supply chain plays an increasingly important role. Meanwhile, the risks of supply chain are also growing. Zijin Copper Co., Ltd. takes corresponding measures in respect of supply chain risk prevention and supply chain risk mitigation

一、供應(yīng)鏈風(fēng)險(xiǎn)減緩策略的目的

1.Purpose of Supply Chain Risk Mitigation Strategy

紫金銅業(yè)有限公司供應(yīng)鏈風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理則旨在識(shí)別潛在的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)并采取適當(dāng)?shù)男袆?dòng)以規(guī)避或消除風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

The supply chain risk management of Zijin Copper Co., Ltd. aims to identify potential risks and take appropriate actions to avoid or eliminate risks.

二、供應(yīng)鏈風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的分類和特點(diǎn)

2. Classification and Characteristic of Supply Chain Risk

按照風(fēng)險(xiǎn)來源，供應(yīng)鏈風(fēng)險(xiǎn)一般可分為三種，即供應(yīng)鏈外部風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、供應(yīng)鏈內(nèi)部風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和企業(yè)間的合作風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。供應(yīng)鏈外部風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是指因外部客觀環(huán)境的變化給企業(yè)帶來受損的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和可能性，通常由短期內(nèi)不為企業(yè)所控制的變量構(gòu)成；供應(yīng)鏈內(nèi)部風(fēng)險(xiǎn)主要來自組成供應(yīng)鏈系統(tǒng)各環(huán)節(jié)之間的關(guān)系，由各環(huán)節(jié)之間潛在的互動(dòng)博弈與合作造成；企業(yè)間的合作風(fēng)險(xiǎn)主要指關(guān)聯(lián)的合作企業(yè)間產(chǎn)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

According to the source of risks, supply chain risks can be generally divided into three types: the external risks, the internal risks, and cooperation risks between enterprises. The external risks of supply chain refer to the risks and possibilities of damage to the enterprise due to the change of external objective environment, which are usually composed of variables that are not controlled by the enterprise in short term. The internal risks of supply chain mainly come from the relationship between various links of supply chain system, which are caused by the potential reciprocal game and cooperation in various links. The cooperation risks between enterprises mainly refer to the risks between associated cooperative enterprises.

（1）客觀性與必然性

(1) Objectivity and Inevitability

自然災(zāi)害是不以人們的主觀意志為轉(zhuǎn)移的客觀存在，決定了供應(yīng)鏈風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的產(chǎn)生具有客觀性。供應(yīng)鏈環(huán)節(jié)中的企業(yè)彼此存在潛在利益沖突和信息不對(duì)稱。在這種不穩(wěn)定的系統(tǒng)內(nèi)，各節(jié)點(diǎn)企業(yè)是通過不完全契約方式來實(shí)現(xiàn)企業(yè)之間的協(xié)調(diào)，因而供應(yīng)鏈必然存在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性。

Natural disaster is an objective existence that is independent of people's subjective will, and it determines the objectivity of supply chain risk. There are potential conflicts of interests and information asymmetry between enterprises in supply chain. In this kind of unstable system, each node enterprise realizes the coordination among enterprises through incomplete contracts. Accordingly, the supply chain risks are inevitably exist.

（2）偶然性和不確定性

(2) Contingency and Uncertainty

雖然供應(yīng)鏈風(fēng)險(xiǎn)具有客觀性和必然性，但是我們并不知道它什么時(shí)候發(fā)生，在哪發(fā)生，這種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)帶來的損失是不確定的，所引起的損失往往是以偶然和不確定的形式呈現(xiàn)在人們面前的。供應(yīng)鏈風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是作為一種具有發(fā)生和不發(fā)生兩種可能的隨機(jī)現(xiàn)象而存在的。

In spite of the objectivity and inevitability of supply chain risks, we do not know when and where it occurs. The loss caused by the risks, which is often presented in the form of incidental and inconclusive, is uncertain. Supply chain risks exist as random phenomena with possibilities of occurrence and non-occurrence.

（3）多樣性與復(fù)雜性

(3) Diversity and Complexity

供應(yīng)鏈從誕生之日起就面對(duì)許多風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，它要面對(duì)普通單個(gè)企業(yè)所要面對(duì)的系統(tǒng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與非系統(tǒng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、財(cái)務(wù)資產(chǎn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、人力資產(chǎn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、危害性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與財(cái)務(wù)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、技術(shù)與信息資源傳遞風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等。同時(shí)還有企業(yè)間的合作風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，技術(shù)與信息資源傳遞的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，合作利潤(rùn)在不同企業(yè)間的分配風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，市場(chǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等。這些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是復(fù)雜的，而且是很難預(yù)測(cè)的。

Since its birth, supply chain has faced many risks which an ordinary individual enterprise has to experience, such as system risk and non-system risk, financial asset risk, human asset risk, hazardous risk, financial risk, and technology and information resource transfer risk, etc. At the same time, there are cooperation risks among enterprises, transfer risks of technology and information resources, distribution risks of cooperation profits among different enterprises, market risks and so on. These risks are complex and hard to predict.

（4）傳遞性與放大性

(4) Transmissibility and Expandability

由于供應(yīng)鏈從產(chǎn)品開發(fā)、生產(chǎn)到流通過程是由多個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)企業(yè)共同參與，因而風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素可以通過供應(yīng)鏈流程在各個(gè)企業(yè)間傳遞和累積。供應(yīng)鏈上的一個(gè)企業(yè)出現(xiàn)問題，會(huì)影響其他企業(yè)的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，比如說，供應(yīng)商供應(yīng)出現(xiàn)了問題就會(huì)影響到生產(chǎn)商，銷售商等等。這是由于供應(yīng)鏈作為一個(gè)系統(tǒng)而產(chǎn)生的特點(diǎn)。

Since the process of supply chain from product development, production to circulation is jointly participated by multiple enterprises, risk factors can be transferred and accumulated among enterprises through the supply chain. One problem occurred in an enterprise in the chain will affect the operation of other enterprises. For example, the problem of a supplier will affect the manufacturer and seller, etc. This is a characteristic of the supply chain as a system.

三、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防范措施

3. Risk Prevention Measures

（1）加強(qiáng)信息交流與共享

（1）Strengthen Information Exchanging and Sharing

提高信息溝通效率，信息技術(shù)的應(yīng)用增加了信息技術(shù)間的通信能力。供應(yīng)鏈企業(yè)之間通過建立多種信息溝通的渠道，加大信息共享，比如共享庫存、訂單、生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃等，盡力消除“牛鞭效應(yīng)”等不真實(shí)的信息的傳遞，從而降低不確定性，降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

To improve the efficiency of information exchange. The application of information technology increases the communication ability between them. Through the establishment of a variety of information exchange channels between supply chain enterprises, they increase information sharing, such as the sharing of inventory, orders, production plans, etc., and try to eliminate the inauthentic information transmission such as the bullwhip effect, so as to reduce uncertainties and risks.

（2）設(shè)立多供應(yīng)商、多供應(yīng)渠道的多頭供應(yīng)鏈體系

(2) Set up Multi-Supply Chain System with Multi–Supplier and Multi-Supply Channel

為確保原料的穩(wěn)定供應(yīng)， 供應(yīng)鏈上應(yīng)該發(fā)展多個(gè)供應(yīng)商。除了設(shè)立多供應(yīng)商外， 還設(shè)立多供應(yīng)渠道， 它包括多種付款方式、物流方式和采購模式。設(shè)立多頭供應(yīng)鏈體系是解決供應(yīng)鏈瓶頸、預(yù)防供應(yīng)鏈風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的重要舉措， 保證了原料的穩(wěn)定供給。

To ensure a stable supply of raw materials, multiple suppliers are supposed to be developed in supply chain. In addition to multiple suppliers, it should also set up multiple supply channels, including a variety of payment methods, logistics methods, and procurement models. The establishment of multi-supply chain system is a significant measure to solve the bottleneck and prevent the risk of supply chain, which ensures the stable supply of raw materials.

（3）對(duì)供應(yīng)商進(jìn)行跟蹤評(píng)估

(3) Follow up and Evaluate Suppliers

針對(duì)供應(yīng)源質(zhì)量異常風(fēng)險(xiǎn)， 需要建立供應(yīng)商跟蹤評(píng)估。對(duì)重要供應(yīng)商經(jīng)營(yíng)的情況和存在問題進(jìn)行分析， 對(duì)其質(zhì)量控制、成本控制、技術(shù)開發(fā)、信用等方面做及時(shí)的調(diào)查， 并進(jìn)行科學(xué)的評(píng)估。

In terms of the risks of abnormal quality of supply source, it is necessary to establish a supplier follow-up assessment system to analyze the operation situation and existing problems of premier suppliers, as well as conduct timely investigation on their quality control, cost control, technology development, credit, etc. for scientific evaluation.

（4）采用先進(jìn)的信息技術(shù)

(4) Adopt Advanced Information Technology

企業(yè)在生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)過程中， 可通過使用微信、QQ、郵件， Internet等方式來實(shí)現(xiàn)供應(yīng)鏈的互聯(lián)， 實(shí)現(xiàn)信息的共享， 加快信息的反饋， 減少信息的流通環(huán)節(jié)， 建立成熟的信息傳遞渠道， 確保供應(yīng)鏈所要求的數(shù)據(jù)信息完整、可靠和安全。在物流過程中， 充分利用現(xiàn)代物流管理技術(shù)， 例如全球定位系統(tǒng)、地理信息系統(tǒng)等， 以防供應(yīng)鏈的物流風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

In the process of production and operation, enterprises can use WeChat, QQ, email, Internet, and other ways to interconnect the supply chain, which can realize the sharing of information, speed up the feedback of information, reduce the circulation links of information, establish a mature information transmission channel, and ensure the integrity, reliability, and security of the data information required by the supply chain. In the process of logistics, enterprises are supposed to make full use of modern logistics management technology, such as global positioning system, geographic information system, etc., in order to prevent the logistics risks of supply chain.

（5）制定發(fā)生供應(yīng)鏈風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的應(yīng)急措施

(5)Formulate Emergency Measures for Supply Chain Risks

供應(yīng)鏈?zhǔn)嵌喹h(huán)節(jié)、多通道的一種復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)， 往往難以避免發(fā)生一些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)事件， 所以， 供應(yīng)鏈企業(yè)要對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的發(fā)生有充分的準(zhǔn)備， 提早制定應(yīng)變措施， 以便能在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)無法避免的情況下， 將損失控制在企業(yè)能接受的范圍之內(nèi)。

Supply chain is a complex system with multi-links and multi-channels. It is often difficult to avoid some risk events. Therefore, supply chain enterprises should be fully prepared for the occurrence of risks and formulate contingency measures in advance, so as to control the losses within the acceptable range of the enterprises in case of unavoidable risks.

四、供應(yīng)鏈風(fēng)險(xiǎn)處理

4. Supply Chain Risk Management

供應(yīng)鏈中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)處理方式分為三種，一為自留，二為轉(zhuǎn)移，三為轉(zhuǎn)移和自留結(jié)合。

There are three ways to deal with risks in the supply chain: self-retention, transfer, and the combination of transfer and self-retention.

（1）自留時(shí)采取的控制措施

(1) Control Measures in Self-Retention

（a） 改進(jìn)結(jié)構(gòu)

a）Improve the structure

發(fā)展多種供應(yīng)渠道、多地域供應(yīng)渠道，加強(qiáng)對(duì)供應(yīng)商的跟蹤評(píng)估。實(shí)行企業(yè)供應(yīng)鏈組織流程重組，使整個(gè)供應(yīng)鏈可以快速響應(yīng)市場(chǎng)。

To develop a variety of supply channels, multi-regional supply channels, as well as strengthen the follow up and evaluation for suppliers. To implement the reorganization of organization process of enterprise in supply chain, the supply chain can respond to the market quickly.

（b） 加強(qiáng)核心企業(yè)對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的控制能力

（b）Strengthen core enterprises' ability to control risks

核心企業(yè)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)作用有利于在整個(gè)供應(yīng)鏈上保持強(qiáng)大的改進(jìn)壓力，從而提高了供應(yīng)鏈的協(xié)同性和運(yùn)作效率。

The leadership role of the core enterprise is conducive to maintaining strong pressure to improve the whole supply chain, thus to improve the coordination and operation efficiency.

（c） 降低契約誠信和信息因素帶來的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

（c）Reduce the risks caused by contractual integrity and information factors

供應(yīng)鏈企業(yè)間出現(xiàn)的道德風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，主要通過盡可能消除信息不對(duì)稱性來防范；利用現(xiàn)代化的通訊和信息手段管理并優(yōu)化整個(gè)供應(yīng)鏈體系，通過實(shí)現(xiàn)信息共享，使供應(yīng)鏈企業(yè)之間實(shí)現(xiàn)無縫連接。

The moral hazard among supply chain enterprises can mainly be prevented by eliminating information asymmetry as far as possible; by using modern communication and information approaches to manage and optimize the entire supply chain system, supply chain enterprises can achieve seamless connection through the realization of information sharing.

（d） 降低合作伙伴風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

（d）Reduce cooperation partner risks

對(duì)重要供應(yīng)商經(jīng)營(yíng)的情況和存在問題進(jìn)行分析，一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)某重要供應(yīng)商可能出現(xiàn)問題，應(yīng)及時(shí)通知對(duì)方進(jìn)行預(yù)防和改進(jìn)，必要時(shí)要對(duì)有關(guān)供應(yīng)商進(jìn)行調(diào)整。  

The operation situation and existing problems of premier suppliers is analyzed. Once a premier supplier is found to have possible problems, the enterprise shall inform it to prevent and improve in time, as well as make adjustments to relevant suppliers if necessary.

（e） 制定發(fā)生供應(yīng)鏈風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的應(yīng)急措施

（e）Formulate emergency measures

（f） 強(qiáng)化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的日常管理

（f） Strengthen daily management

（2）轉(zhuǎn)移方式

（2）Transfer Method

供應(yīng)鏈風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移是將供應(yīng)鏈中可能發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的一部分轉(zhuǎn)移出去的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防范方式，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移可分為保險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移。以合同形式將自然災(zāi)害、意外事故可能造成的損失、人身傷亡及對(duì)他人的經(jīng)濟(jì)賠償責(zé)任造成的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失轉(zhuǎn)移給保險(xiǎn)公司。

Supply chain risk transfer is a risk prevention method to transfer the part with possible risks in the supply chain. Risk transfer can be divided into insurance transfer. In the form of a contract, the economic loss caused by natural disasters, accidents, personal casualties, and economic compensation liability for others are transferred to the insurance company.

五、結(jié)語

5. Conclusion

由于供應(yīng)鏈風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是由多種因素引起的，外部和內(nèi)部環(huán)境的復(fù)雜性都會(huì)給供應(yīng)鏈風(fēng)險(xiǎn)識(shí)別帶來困難。隨著信息技術(shù)的不斷進(jìn)步和市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)加劇，供應(yīng)鏈管理已經(jīng)成為企業(yè)獲得競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)的關(guān)鍵因素之一，隨著供應(yīng)鏈層數(shù)的增加，供應(yīng)鏈的成員企業(yè)越來越多，供應(yīng)鏈的結(jié)構(gòu)日趨復(fù)雜，而供應(yīng)鏈的復(fù)雜性導(dǎo)致供應(yīng)鏈產(chǎn)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。要實(shí)現(xiàn)供應(yīng)鏈高效安全地運(yùn)作，就必須針對(duì)供應(yīng)鏈內(nèi)外潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，實(shí)施恰當(dāng)?shù)膽?zhàn)略和行動(dòng)來減少或化解風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

For the reason that supply chain risks are caused by many factors, the complexity of external and internal environment will bring difficulties to the identification of supply chain risks. With the continuous progress of information technology and the intensification of market competition, supply chain management has become one of the key factors for enterprises to obtain competitive advantages. With the increase of supply chain layers, there are more and more member enterprises joining in the supply chain, and the structure of supply chain is increasingly complex. Meanwhile, the complexity of the supply chain leads to risks in it. In order to realize the efficient and safe operation of supply chain, it is necessary to implement appropriate strategies and actions to reduce or defuse the potential risks inside and outside the supply chain.